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ʻO nā slider e hōʻike ana i ʻekolu ʻatikala ma kēlā me kēia paheʻe.E hoʻohana i nā pihi hope a i hope no ka neʻe ʻana i nā paheʻe, a i ʻole nā ​​pihi hoʻokele paheʻe ma ka hopena e neʻe i kēlā me kēia paheʻe.

ʻO ka ASTM A240 304 316 hiki ke ʻoki ʻia ka pāpaʻi mānoanoa ma waena o ke kila kila a me ke kumu kūʻai hale hana Kina.

Papa Mea: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
ʻAno: Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
ʻenehana: Cold Rolled and Hot Rolled
Nā palapala hōʻoia: ISO9001, CE, SGS i kēlā me kēia makahiki
Hana: Hoʻāʻo ʻekolu ʻaoʻao
Hoʻouna: i loko o 10-15 mau lā a i ʻole e noʻonoʻo ana i ka nui

ʻO ke kila kila he mea hao i loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi o ka maʻiʻo Chromium o 10.5 pākēneka.Hoʻopuka ka maʻiʻo Chromium i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni chromium oxide lahilahi ma ka ʻili kila i kapa ʻia he papa passivation.Mālama kēia papa i ka ʻino ʻana mai ka ʻili kila;ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Chromium i loko o ke kila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

Aia i loko o ke kila nā ʻano mea like ʻole e like me Carbon, Silicon a me Manganese.Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion (Nickel) a me ka formability (Molybdenum).

ʻO ke ʻano o ke kila kila martensitic kalapona kiʻekiʻe (HCMSS) ma kahi o 22.5 vol.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka % carbides me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium (Cr) a me ka vanadium (V), e ka electron beam melting (EBM).Hoʻokumu ʻia ka microstructure me nā ʻāpana martensite a me ke koena austenite, submicron kiʻekiʻe V a me nā micron kiʻekiʻe Cr carbide ua māhele like ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī.Hoʻemi ʻia ka CoF ma kahi o 14.1% me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ukana kūlana paʻa ma muli o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā mea mai ke ala kahiko i ke kino kūʻē.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kila mea hana martensitic i mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano like, ʻaneʻane like ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka HCMSS i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻaʻahu koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana i ka matrix kila ma ka abrasion a ukali ʻia e ka oxidation o ke ala ʻaʻahu, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻaʻahu abrasive ʻekolu mau mea me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ukana.ʻO nā wahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastic ma lalo o ka ʻili ʻaʻahu i ʻike ʻia e ka palapala ʻāina paʻakikī cross-sectional.Hōʻike ʻia nā hanana kikoʻī i ka piʻi ʻana o nā kūlana ʻaʻahu e like me ka haki ʻana o ka carbide, ka haʻihaʻi vanadium carbide kiʻekiʻe, a me ka māhā make.Hōʻike kēia noiʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻaʻahu o ka HCMSS additive manufacturing, hiki ke wehe i ke ala no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana EBM no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi mai nā shafts a i nā mold injection plastic.
ʻO ke kila kila (SS) he ʻohana versatile o nā kila i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka aerospace, automotive, meaʻai a me nā noi ʻē aʻe he nui ma muli o ko lākou kūpaʻa corrosion kiʻekiʻe a me nā pono mechanical kūpono1,2,3.ʻO ko lākou pale ʻana i ka corrosion kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium (ʻoi aku ma mua o 11.5 wt. %) i ka HC, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide me kahi mea chromium kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻili1.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kila kila he haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo kalapona a no laila ua liʻiliʻi ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu, e hoʻemi ana i ke ola lawelawe i nā mea pili i ka lole e like me nā mea pae ʻāina aerospace4.ʻO ka maʻamau, he haʻahaʻa ko lākou paʻakikī (ma ka laulā o 180 a 450 HV), ʻo kekahi mau mea kila martensitic i mālama ʻia i ka wela ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 700 HV) a me ka maʻi kalapona kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 1.2 wt%), hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka martensite.1. ʻO ka pōkole, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka maʻi kalapona kiʻekiʻe i ka wela hoʻololi martensitic, e ʻae ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi microstructure martensitic piha a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi microstructure pale ʻaʻahu i ka nui o ka hoʻoilo.Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻakikī (e laʻa, carbide) i ka matrix kila no ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana i ka pale ʻana o ka make.
Hiki i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hana hoʻohui (AM) ke hana i nā mea hou me ka haku mele i makemake ʻia, nā hiʻohiʻona microstructural, a me nā waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe5,6.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lepo (PBF), kekahi o nā kaʻina hana hoʻohui hoʻohui i kūʻai nui ʻia, e pili ana i ka waiho ʻana o nā pauka i hui mua ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā pauka me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu wela e like me nā lasers a i ʻole nā ​​​​kukui electron7.Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina e hiki ke hoʻokō i nā ʻāpana kila kila kila i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻāpana kuʻuna.No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea kila kila austenitic i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻoili hoʻohui ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi ma muli o kā lākou microstructure ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pilina Hall-Petch)3,8,9.ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela o ka AM-treated ferritic stainless steel e hoʻohua ai i nā precipitates ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi ana i nā waiwai mechanical e like me kā lākou mau mea maʻamau3,10.Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila ʻelua ʻāpana me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, i hana ʻia e ka hana hoʻohui, kahi i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ai nā waiwai mechanical ma muli o nā chromium-rich intermetallic phases i ka microstructure11.Eia kekahi, hiki ke loaʻa ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o additive hardened martensitic a me PH stainless steels ma ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka austenite i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka microstructure a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mīkini a me nā ʻāpana mālama wela 3,12,13,14.
I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nānā ʻana o nā waiwai tribological o AM austenitic stainless steels ma mua o nā kila kila ʻē aʻe.Ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano tribological o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka laser ma kahi papa o ka pauka (L-PBF) i mālama ʻia me 316L ma ke ʻano he hana o nā ʻāpana hana AM.Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka porosity ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka wikiwiki scanning a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana laser hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa lole15,16.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Li et al.17 i ka lole hoʻoheheʻe maloʻo ma lalo o nā ʻāpana like ʻole (ka ukana, ka pinepine a me ka mahana) a ua hōʻike ʻo ia ʻo ka lole wela lumi ke kumu nui o ka ʻaʻahu, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki a me ka mahana e hāpai i ka oxidation.ʻO ka hopena o ka oxide layer e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hana o ka bearing, e emi ana ka friction me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, a piʻi ka nui o ka lole i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.Ma nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻāpana TiC18, TiB219, a me SiC20 i kahi matrix L-PBF i mālama ʻia 316L i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka lole ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa friction paʻakikī paʻakikī me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hapa leo o nā ʻāpana paʻakikī.Ua ʻike pū ʻia kahi ʻāpana ʻokikene pale i loko o ka L-PBF12 i mālama ʻia me ke kila PH a me SS11 duplex steel, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka austenite ma hope o ka wela12 hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu.E like me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana ma ʻaneʻi, ʻike nui ʻia ka palapala i ka hana tribological o ka moʻo 316L SS, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hana tribological o kahi moʻo o nā kila kila kila martensitic additively me kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona.
ʻO ka Electron Beam Melting (EBM) kahi ʻenehana like me L-PBF hiki ke hana i nā microstructures me nā carbide refractory e like me ka vanadium kiʻekiʻe a me ka chromium carbide ma muli o kona hiki ke piʻi i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me nā helu scan 21, 22. ʻO ke kila ke kālele nui ʻia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻāpana hoʻoponopono ELM maikaʻi loa e loaʻa i kahi microstructure me ka ʻole o nā māwae a me nā pores a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical23, 24, 25, 26, ʻoiai e hana ana i nā waiwai tribological o EBM i mālama ʻia i ke kila kila.I kēia manawa, ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe-carbon martensitic stainless steel i mālama ʻia me ELR ma lalo o nā kūlana liʻiliʻi, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastic nui ma lalo o ka abrasive (hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka pepa), maloʻo, a me nā kūlana ʻeleʻele27.
Ua noiʻi kēia haʻawina i ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu a me nā waiwai frictional o ke kila kila martensitic carbon kiʻekiʻe i mālama ʻia me ELR ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻoheheʻe maloʻo i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei.ʻO ka mea mua, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona microstructural me ka scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction a me ka nānā ʻana kiʻi.Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻikepili i loaʻa me kēia mau ʻano i kumu no ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻano tribological ma o nā hoʻāʻo pānaʻi maloʻo ma lalo o nā haʻawe like ʻole, a ma hope e nānā ʻia ka mopology o ka honua me ka SEM-EDX a me ka laser profilometers.Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka ʻaʻahu a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kila martensitic i mālama like ʻia.Ua hana ʻia kēia i mea e hana ai i kumu no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia ʻōnaehana SS me nā ʻōnaehana lole maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia me ke ʻano o ka lāʻau.ʻO ka hope, hōʻike ʻia kahi palapala ʻāpana ʻāpana o ke ala ʻaʻahu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi algorithm mapping paʻakikī e hōʻike ana i ka deformation plastic i hana ʻia i ka wā e pili ana.Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua mālama ʻia nā hoʻokolohua tribological no kēia haʻawina no ka hoʻomaopopo pono ʻana i nā waiwai tribological o kēia mea hou, a ʻaʻole e hoʻohālikelike i kahi noi kikoʻī.Hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai tribological o kahi kila kila martensitic hou i hoʻohui ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi e koi ana i ka hana ma nā wahi paʻakikī.
ʻO nā laʻana o ke kila kila martensitic carbon kiʻekiʻe (HCMSS) i mālama ʻia me ELR ma lalo o ka inoa inoa Vibenite® 350 i kūkulu ʻia a hoʻolako ʻia e VBN Components AB, Suedena.ʻO ka inoa kemika o ka hāpana: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).ʻO ka mea mua, ua hana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe maloʻo (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) mai nā mea hoʻohālike i loaʻa i ka rectangular specimens (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka post-thermal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mīkini hoʻokuʻu uila (EDM).A laila ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā laʻana me ka SiC sandpaper me ka nui o ka palaoa o 240 a 2400 R no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi roughness ili (Ra) ma kahi o 0.15 μm.Eia kekahi, nā hiʻohiʻona o EBM-treated high-carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) me kahi hui kemika nominal o 1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (i ʻike ʻia ʻo Vibenite® 150) Hoʻomākaukau pū ʻia ma ke ʻano like.Loaʻa iā HCMTS he 8% carbide ma ka leo a hoʻohana wale ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻikepili helu komo ʻana o ka HCMSS.
Hana ʻia ka microstructural characterization o HCMSS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) i lako me ka ikehu dispersive X-ray (EDX) XMax80 detector mai Oxford Instruments.Ua lawe ʻia ʻekolu kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi maʻamau i loaʻa ka 3500 µm2 ma ke ʻano backscattered electron (BSE) a laila kālailai ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā ʻana kiʻi (ImageJ®)28 no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hakina ʻāpana (ʻo ia hoʻi ka hapa leo), ka nui a me ke ʻano.Ma muli o ke ʻano morphology i ʻike ʻia, ua lawe ʻia ka hakina ʻāpana me ka hakina leo.Eia kekahi, helu ʻia ke ʻano kumu o nā carbide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike kumu (Shfa):
Eia ʻo ʻAi ka ʻāpana o ka carbide (µm2) a ʻo Pi ka ʻāpana o ka carbide (µm)29.No ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻāpana, ua hana ʻia ka pauka X-ray diffraction (XRD) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi diffractometer X-ray (Bruker D8 Discover me kahi mea ʻike kiʻi ʻoniʻoni LynxEye 1D) me ka radiation Co-Kα (λ = 1.79026 Å).E ʻimi i ka hāpana ma luna o ka laulā 2θ mai 35° a i 130° me ka nui o ka ʻanuʻu o 0.02° a me ka manawa ʻanuʻu o 2 kekona.Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻikepili XRD me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Diffract.EVA, nāna i hoʻonui i ka waihona crystallographic ma 2021. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hōʻike paʻakikī Vickers (Struers Durascan 80, Austria) e hoʻoholo ai i ka microhardness.Wahi a ka ASTM E384-17 30 maʻamau, 30 mau paʻi i hana ʻia ma nā laʻana metallographically i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma 0.35 mm increments no 10 s ma 5 kgf.Ua hōʻike mua nā mea kākau i nā hiʻohiʻona microstructural o HCMTS31.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi tribometer pā pōpopo (Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, USA) no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu maloʻo, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ia mea i kikoʻī ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe31.Penei nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo: e like me ke kūlana 32 ASTM G133-05, hoʻouka 3 N, alapine 1 Hz, hahau 3 mm, lōʻihi 1 hola.ʻO nā pōpō alumini oxide (Al2O3, papa pololei 28/ISO 3290) me ke anawaena o 10 mm me ka macrohardness ma kahi o 1500 HV a me ka ʻili o ka ʻili (Ra) ma kahi o 0.05 µm, i hāʻawi ʻia e Redhill Precision, Czech Republic, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he counterweights. .Ua koho ʻia ʻo Balancing e pale i nā hopena o ka oxidation e hiki mai ana ma muli o ke kaupaona ʻana a no ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻaʻahu koʻikoʻi.Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua like nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo me ka Ref.8 i mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka ʻikepili helu aahu me nā haʻawina e kū nei.Eia kekahi, ua hana ʻia kahi ʻano o nā hoʻāʻo pānaʻi me ka ukana o 10 N e hōʻoia i ka hana tribological ma nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, aʻo nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe i mau.ʻO nā kaomi hoʻopili mua e like me Hertz he 7.7 MPa a me 11.5 MPa ma 3 N a me 10 N.I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ikaika friction ma ke alapine o 45 Hz a ua helu ʻia ka awelika coefficient o friction (CoF).No kēlā me kēia ukana, ua lawe ʻia ʻekolu ana ma lalo o nā kūlana ambient.
Ua nānā ʻia ka trajectory me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka SEM i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, a ua hana ʻia ka loiloi EMF me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu loiloi ʻili o Aztec Acquisition.Ua nānā ʻia ka ʻili o ka pahu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka microscope optical (Keyence VHX-5000, Iapana).Ua nānā ka mea hoʻolaha laser non-contact (NanoFocus µScan, Kelemānia) i ka hōʻailona ʻaʻahu me ka hoʻonā kū pololei o ±0.1 µm ma ke koʻi z a me 5 µm ma nā koʻi x a me y.Ua hana ʻia ka palapala ʻāina ʻili ʻili ma Matlab® me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā koina x, y, z i loaʻa mai nā ana ʻike.Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻaoʻao ala ʻaʻahu kūpaʻa i unuhi ʻia mai ka palapala ʻaoʻao o ka ʻili no ka helu ʻana i ka nalowale o ka nui o ka lole ma ke ala komo.Ua helu ʻia ka poho o ka leo ma ke ʻano he huahana o ka ʻāpana cross-sectional o ka profile wire a me ka lōʻihi o ke ala lole, a ua wehewehe mua ʻia nā kikoʻī hou aku o kēia ʻano e nā mea kākau33.Mai ʻaneʻi mai, loaʻa ka helu ʻaʻahu kikoʻī (k) mai kēia ʻano kumu:
Eia ʻo V ka poho o ka leo ma muli o ka ʻaʻahu ʻana (mm3), ʻo W ka ukana i hoʻopili ʻia (N), ʻo L ka mamao hoʻoheheʻe (mm), a ʻo k ka helu hoʻohana kikoʻī (mm3/Nm)34.Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻikepili friction a me nā palapala ʻāina no ka HCMTS i loko o nā mea hoʻohui (Supplementary Figure S1 a me Figure S2) e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka lole HCMSS.
I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi palapala ʻāina paʻakikī o ke ala ʻaʻahu no ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastic (ʻo ia hoʻi ka paʻakikī o ka hana ma muli o ke kaomi pili) o ka ʻāpana lole.Ua ʻoki ʻia nā laʻana i kālai ʻia me ka huila ʻokiʻoki aluminika ma luna o ka mīkini ʻoki (Struers Accutom-5, Austria) a hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia me nā māka sandpaper SiC mai 240 a 4000 P ma ka mānoanoa o nā laʻana.ʻO ke ana microhardness ma 0.5 kgf 10 s a me 0.1 mm ka mamao e like me ASTM E348-17.Hoʻonoho ʻia nā paʻi ma kahi pākuʻi ʻehā ʻehā 1.26 × 0.3 mm2 ma kahi o 60 µm ma lalo o ka ʻili (Figure 1) a laila ua hana ʻia kahi palapala ʻāina paʻakikī me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke code Matlab® maʻamau i wehewehe ʻia ma kahi ʻē aʻe35.Eia kekahi, ua nānā ʻia ka microstructure o ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka wahi lole me ka SEM.
Hoʻolālā o ka hōʻailona ʻaʻahu e hōʻike ana i kahi o ka ʻāpana keʻa (a) a me kahi micrograph optical o ka palapala ʻāina paʻakikī e hōʻike ana i ka māka i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāpana keʻa (b).
ʻO ka microstructure o HCMSS i mālama ʻia me ka ELP aia i kahi pūnaewele carbide homogeneous i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi matrix (Fig. 2a, b).Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o EDX ʻo nā carbides hina a me ka ʻeleʻele he chromium a me ka vanadium waiwai carbide, kēlā me kēia (Papa 1).Ua helu ʻia mai ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka hapa nui o nā carbide he ~22.5% (~18.2% kiʻekiʻe chromium carbide a me ~4.3% kiʻekiʻe vanadium carbide).ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o ka palaoa me nā ʻokoʻa maʻamau, ʻo ia ka 0.64 ± 0.2 µm a me 1.84 ± 0.4 µm no nā carbide waiwai V a me Cr (Fig. 2c, d).ʻOi aku ka poepoe V kiʻekiʻe me kahi mea hoʻohālike (± SD) ma kahi o 0.88±0.03 no ka mea, ua pili nā kumu kumu hoʻohālike kokoke i ka 1 me nā carbide poepoe.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole pōʻai pono nā carbide chromium kiʻekiʻe, me kahi mea hoʻohālikelike ma kahi o 0.56 ± 0.01, ma muli paha o ka agglomeration.Martensite (α, bcc) a me austenite paʻa (γ', fcc) i ike ia ma ka HCMSS X-ray kumu e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig. 2e.Eia kekahi, ke hōʻike nei ke kumu X-ray i ke alo o nā carbide lua.Ua ʻike ʻia nā carbide chromium kiʻekiʻe ʻo M3C2 a ​​me M23C6 ʻano carbide.E like me kaʻikepili palapala, 36,37,38 peaks diffraction o VC carbide i hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma ≈43 ° a me 63 °, e hōʻike ana ua uhiʻia nā piko VC e nā piko M23C6 o ka chromium-rich carbide (Fig. 2e).
ʻO ka microstructure o ke kila kila martensitic kiʻekiʻe-carbon i mālama ʻia me ka EBL (a) ma ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa a (b) ma ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana i ka chromium a me ka vanadium waiwai carbide a me kahi matrix kila (electron backscattering mode).Nā kiʻi paʻi e hōʻike ana i ka puʻunaue nui o ka chromium-rich (c) a me ka vanadium-rich (d) carbide.Hōʻike ke kumu X-ray i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka martensite, austenite paʻa a me nā carbide i loko o ka microstructure (d).
ʻO ka awelika microhardness he 625.7 + 7.5 HV5, e hōʻike ana i kahi paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila martensitic i hana maʻamau (450 HV)1 me ka mālama ʻole ʻana i ka wela.Ka nanoindentation paakiki o kiʻekiʻe V carbides a kiʻekiʻe Cr carbide ua hoike ia ma waena o 12 a me 32.5 GPa39 a me 13-22 GPa40, pakahi.No laila, ʻo ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe o ka HCMSS i mālama ʻia me ELP ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka carbon content, e hāpai ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi pūnaewele carbide.No laila, ʻo ka HSMSS i mālama ʻia me ELP e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano microstructural maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka wela.
Hōʻike ʻia nā pihi o ka coefficient awelika o ka friction (CoF) no nā laʻana ma 3 N a me 10 N i ke Kiʻi 3, ua hōʻailona ʻia ka laulā o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ka friction waiwai me ka translucent shading.Hōʻike kēlā me kēia pihi i kahi māhele holo a me kahi pae kūlana paʻa.Hoʻopau ka hana holo-i ma 1.2 m me kahi CoF (± SD) o 0.41 ± 0.24.3 N a ma 3.7 m me kahi CoF o 0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ke kūlana paʻa i ka wā e pau ai ka friction.ʻaʻole e loli koke.Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastik mua, ua piʻi wikiwiki ka ikaika friction i ka wā o ka holo ʻana i ke kahua ma 3 N a me 10 N, kahi i loaʻa ai ka ikaika friction kiʻekiʻe a me kahi mamao hoʻoheheʻe lōʻihi ma 10 N, ʻo ia paha ke kumu. i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 3 N, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino o ka ʻili.No 3 N a me 10 N, ʻo nā helu CoF i ka manawa paʻa he 0.78 ± 0.05 a me 0.67 ± 0.01, kēlā me kēia.Paʻa paʻa ka CoF ma 10 N a piʻi mālie ma 3 N. Ma nā palapala liʻiliʻi, ua mālama ʻia ka CoF o L-PBF i ke kila kuhili ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kino hopena seramika ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mai 0.5 a 0.728, 20, 42, aia i loko. ʻaelike maikaʻi me nā helu CoF i ana ʻia i kēia haʻawina.ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka CoF me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ukana ma ke kūlana paʻa (ma kahi o 14.1%) hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili e kū mai ana ma ke kikowaena ma waena o ka ʻili a me ka mea like, e kūkākūkā hou ʻia ma ka ʻāpana aʻe ma o ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻili o ka ʻili. nā laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā koena friction o nā mea hoʻohālike VSMSS me ELP ma nā ala hoʻoheheʻe ma 3 N a me 10 N, ua hōʻailona ʻia kahi pae kū no kēlā me kēia pihi.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o ka lole o HKMS (625.7 HV) ma 6.56 ± 0.33 × 10–6 mm3/Nm a me 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10–6 mm3/Nm ma 3 N a me 10 N, i kēlā me kēia (Fig. 4).No laila, piʻi ka nui o ka ʻaʻahu me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ukana, i ʻaelike maikaʻi me nā haʻawina i loaʻa i ka austenite i mālama ʻia me L-PBF a me PH SS17,43.Ma lalo o nā kūlana tribological like, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma 3 N ma kahi o ka hapalima o ka austenitic stainless steel i mālama ʻia me L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 229 HV), e like me ka hihia ma mua. .8. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻaʻahu o ka HCMSS ma 3 N ma mua o nā mea kila austenitic maʻamau i hana ʻia a, ʻoi loa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka isotropic nui (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./Nm, 176 HV) a me ka hoolei (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 156 HV) i hanaia austenitic stainless steel, 8.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēia mau haʻawina i ka palapala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana o ka HCMSS i ka ʻike kalapona kiʻekiʻe a me ka pūnaewele carbide i hoʻokumu ʻia i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā mea kila austenitic i hoʻohui ʻia.No ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ke kāʻei ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona HCMSS, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kahi mea hoʻohālike kiʻekiʻe carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) (me ka paʻakikī o 790 HV) ma lalo o nā kūlana like (3 N a me 10 N) no ka hoʻohālikelike;ʻO nā mea hoʻohui ʻo ka HCMTS Surface Profile Map (Supplementary Figure S2).ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o HCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10–6 mm3/Nm) ʻaneʻane like me ka HCMTS ma 3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10–6 mm3/Nm), e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa. .Hoʻopili nui ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i nā hiʻohiʻona microstructural o HCMSS (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka maʻiʻo carbide kiʻekiʻe, ka nui, ke ʻano a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana carbide i loko o ka matrix, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana ma ka Pauku 3.1).E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia 31,44, pili ka ʻike carbide i ka laulā a me ka hohonu o ka ʻili a me ke ʻano o ka lole micro-abrasive.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻike o ka carbide e pale i ka make ma 10 N, e hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lole.Ma ka ʻāpana aʻe, hoʻohana ʻia ka morphology surface a me ka topography no ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka lole a me nā ʻano deformation e pili ana i ka nui o ka lole o HCMSS.Ma 10 N, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana o VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10–6 mm3/Nm) ma mua o ka VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10–6 mm3/Nm).ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau ʻaʻahu: ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻāʻo like, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā uhi e pili ana i ka chromium a me ka stellite ma mua o ka HCMSS45,46.ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī o ka alumina (1500 HV), ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana a ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea mai ka mea hoʻohālike i nā pōpō alumini.
Hoʻohana kikoʻī i ka mīkini ELR o ke kila kila martensitic carbon kiʻekiʻe (HMCSS), ka mīkini ELR o ke kila kila martensitic carbon kiʻekiʻe (HCMTS) a me L-PBF, ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ke kiʻekiʻe isotropic pressing (HIP) machining o austenitic stainless steel (316LSS) ma nā noi like ʻole. hoʻouka ʻia nā wikiwiki.Hōʻike ka scatterplot i ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau o nā ana.Lawe ʻia ka ʻikepili no nā kila kuhili ʻole austenitic mai 8.
ʻOiai hiki i nā mea paʻakikī e like me chromium a me stellite ke hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i mīkini ʻia, hiki i ka mīkini hoʻohui ke (1) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka microstructure, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea me nā ʻano like ʻole.nā hana ma ka ʻaoʻao hope;a me (3) ka hana ʻana i nā topologies ili hou e like me nā bearing wai hoʻohuihui.Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ʻo AM i ka maʻalahi hoʻolālā geometric.He mea hou a koʻikoʻi kēia haʻawina no ka mea he mea koʻikoʻi ia e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka ʻaʻahu o kēia mau ʻāpana metala hou i kūkulu ʻia me EBM, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai nā palapala o kēia manawa.
Hōʻike ʻia ka morphology o ka ʻili a me ka morphology o nā laʻana i 3 N ma ka fig.5, kahi o ka mīkini lole nui he abrasion a ukali ʻia e ka oxidation.ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka substrate kila a laila hoʻoneʻe ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana 1 a 3 µm hohonu, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻili (Fig. 5a).Ma muli o ka wela hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka hoʻoheheʻe mau ʻana, waiho ʻia ka mea i wehe ʻia ma ke kikowaena o ka ʻōnaehana tribological, e hana ana i kahi papa tribological i loko o nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o ka hao hao kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopuni ana i nā chromium kiʻekiʻe a me ka vanadium carbide (Figure 5b a me Papa 2).), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia no ka austenitic stainless steel i mālama ʻia me L-PBF15,17.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 5c i ka oxidation ikaika e kū ana i waenakonu o ka ʻōpala lole.No laila, ua maʻalahi ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka papa friction e ka luku ʻana i ka ʻāpana friction (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻāpana oxide) (Fig. 5f) a i ʻole ka wehe ʻana o nā mea i loaʻa i nā wahi nāwaliwali i loko o ka microstructure, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ka wehe ʻana o nā mea.Ma nā hihiaʻelua,ʻo ka lukuʻiaʻana o ka'āpana friction e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o nā meaʻaʻahu ma ke kikowaena,ʻo ia paha ke kumu o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka CoF i ka 3N kūlana paʻa (Fig. 3).Eia kekahi, aia nā hōʻailona o ka ʻaʻahu ʻekolu ʻāpana i hana ʻia e nā oxides a me nā ʻāpana lole wehe ma ke ala ʻaʻahu, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā micro-scratches ma ka substrate (Fig. 5b, e)9,12,47.
Kiʻi ʻili (a) a me nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi (b–f) o ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ke kila kila martensitic kiʻekiʻe i mālama ʻia me ka ELP ma 3 N, ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka hōʻailona ma ke ʻano BSE (d) a me ka microscopy optical o ka lole. ili ma 3 N (g) alumina poepoe.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaula paheʻe ma ka substrate kila, e hōʻike ana i ka deformation plastic ma muli o ke komo ʻana (Fig. 5e).Loaʻa ʻia nā hopena like ma ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano aahu o SS47 austenitic steel i mālama ʻia me L-PBF.ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā carbide waiwai nui o vanadium e hōʻike ana i ka deformation plastic o ka matrix kila i ka wā o ka heʻe ʻana (Fig. 5e).ʻO nā micrographs o ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka hōʻailona ʻaʻahu e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lua poepoe liʻiliʻi i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā microcracks (Fig. 5d), ʻo ia paha ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastik nui kokoke i ka ʻili.Ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā mea i nā ʻāpana alumini oxide, ʻoiai e mau ana nā ʻāpana (Fig. 5g).
Ua hoʻonui ka laulā a me ka hohonu o ka lole o nā mea hoʻohālike me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ukana (ma 10 N), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala honua honua (Fig. 6a).ʻO ka abrasion a me ka oxidation ka mea nui o ka ʻaʻahu ʻana, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā micro-scratches ma ke ala ʻaʻahu e hōʻike ana i ke komo ʻana ʻekolu ʻāpana ma 10 N (Fig. 6b).Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o EDX i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā mokupuni oxide waiwai nui.Ua hōʻoia ka Al peaks i ka spectra i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mea mai ka counterparty i ka hāpana ma 10 N (Fig. 6c a me ka Papa 3), ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma 3 N (Table 2).ʻO ka ʻaʻahu kino ʻekolu ke kumu o ka ʻaʻahu ʻana mai nā mokupuni oxide a me nā analogs, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka nānā ʻana o EDX kikoʻī i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea mai nā analogs (Supplementary Figure S3 and Table S1).Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mokupuni oxide me nā lua hohonu, kahi i ʻike ʻia ma 3N (Fig. 5).ʻO ka haki ʻana a me ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana o nā carbide i loaʻa i nā carbide waiwai nui i 10 N Cr (Fig. 6e, f).Eia kekahi, ʻo nā carbide V kiʻekiʻe e paʻi a ʻaʻahu i ka matrix a puni, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu o ka ʻaʻahu ʻekolu ʻāpana.Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi lua e like me ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka carbide V kiʻekiʻe (i hōʻike ʻia i ka pōʻai ʻulaʻula) ma ka ʻāpana keʻa o ke ala (Fig. 6d) (e nānā i ka nui carbide a me ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano. 3.1), e hōʻike ana i ka V kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i ka carbide V ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka matrix ma 10 N. ʻO ke ʻano poepoe o nā carbide V kiʻekiʻe e kōkua i ka hopena huki, ʻoiai ʻo nā carbide Cr kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohui ʻia e maʻa i ka pohā (Fig. 6e, f).Hōʻike kēia ʻano hana ʻole ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka matrix i kona hiki ke kū i ka deformation plastic a ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ka microstructure i ka ikaika hopena kūpono ma 10 N. ʻO ka haki ʻana ma lalo o ka ʻili (Fig. 6d) e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka deformation plastic i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka heʻe ʻana.I ka pi'i 'ana o ka ukana, aia ka ho'ololi 'ana o ka mea mai ke ala hele a hiki i ka pōpō alumina (Fig. 6g), hiki ke noho pa'a ma 10 N. Ke kumu nui o ka emi 'ana o nā waiwai CoF (Fig. 3).
Kiʻi ʻili (a) a me nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi (b–f) o ka topography ili kahiko (b–f) o ke kila kila martensitic kiʻekiʻe i mālama ʻia me EBA ma 10 N, e hoʻohana i ka ʻāpana track ma ke ʻano BSE (d) a me ka ʻili microscope. o ka poepoe alumina ma 10 N (g).
I ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ua hoʻokau ʻia ka ʻili i ka antibody-induced compressive a me ka shear stress, e hopena i ka deformation plastic nui ma lalo o ka ʻili kahiko34,48,49.No laila, hiki i ka paʻakikī o ka hana ke hana ma lalo o ka ʻili ma muli o ka deformation plastic, e pili ana i ka lole a me nā mīkini deformation e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka lole o kahi mea.No laila, ua hana 'ia ka palapala 'āina 'o'ole'a (e like me ka wehewehe 'ana ma ka Pauku 2.4) i loko o kēia ha'awina no ka ho'oholo 'ana i ka ho'omohala 'ana i kahi 'āpana ho'ohehe'e plastic (PDZ) ma lalo o ke ala komo ma ke 'ano he hana o ka ukana.No ka mea, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā ʻāpana i hala, ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona maʻemaʻe o ka deformation plastic ma lalo o ke kapa komo (Fig. 5d, 6d), ʻoi aku ma 10 N.
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka Figure 7 i nā kiʻina paʻakikī cross-sectional o nā hōʻailona ʻaʻahu o HCMSS i mālama ʻia me ELP ma 3 N a me 10 N. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau waiwai paʻakikī e loiloi i ka hopena o ka hana paʻakikī.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka paʻakikī ma lalo o ka hōʻailona ʻaʻahu mai 667 a 672 HV ma 3 N (Fig. 7a), e hōʻike ana he mea ʻole ka paʻakikī o ka hana.Malia paha, ma muli o ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a o ka palapala 'āina microhardness ('o ia ka mamao ma waena o nā kaha), 'a'ole hiki ke 'ike 'ia ke ana 'ana o ka pa'akikī.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana PDZ me nā koina paʻakikī mai 677 a 686 HV me ka hohonu o 118 µm a me ka lōʻihi o 488 µm i nānā ʻia ma 10 N (Fig. 7b), e pili ana me ka laulā o ke ala lole ( Fig. 6a)).Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili like e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nui PDZ me ka ukana ma kahi noiʻi lole ma SS47 i mālama ʻia me L-PBF.Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hiki ʻana o ka austenite i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i ka ductility o nā kila i hoʻohui ʻia 3, 12, 50, a hoʻololi ʻia ka austenite paʻa i martensite i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastic (ka hopena palaki o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae), e hoʻonui ai i ka hana paʻakikī o ke kila.kila 51. No ka mea, aia ka austenite paʻa i loko o ka laʻana VCMSS e like me ke kumu hoʻohālikelike X-ray i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua (Fig. 2e), ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka austenite paʻa i loko o ka microstructure i martensite i ka wā e hoʻopili ai, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻakikī o PDZ ( 7b).Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka paheʻe ma ke ala ʻaʻahu (Fig. 5e, 6f) e hōʻike ana i ka deformation plastic ma muli o ka dislocation slip ma lalo o ke ʻano o ke koʻikoʻi shear i ka hoʻopili ʻana.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ke koʻikoʻi shear i hoʻokomo ʻia ma 3 N no ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka nui dislocation kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka austenite paʻa i martensite i ʻike ʻia e ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia, no laila ʻike ʻia ka paʻakikī hana ma 10 N (Fig. 7b).
ʻO nā kiʻi paʻi paʻakikī o ka ʻaʻahu o ke kila kila martensitic kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia i ka mīkini hoʻokuʻu uila ma 3 N (a) a me 10 N (b).
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka hana ʻaʻahu a me nā hiʻohiʻona microstructural o kahi kila kila martensitic carbon kiʻekiʻe i mālama ʻia me ELR.Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻaʻahu maloʻo ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma lalo o nā ukana like ʻole, a ua nānā ʻia nā laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia me ka microscopy electron, laser profilometer a me nā palapala ʻāina paʻakikī o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana o nā ala lole.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi microstructural i ka hāʻawi like ʻana o nā carbide me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium (~ 18.2% carbide) a me ka vanadium (~ 4.3% carbide) i loko o kahi matrix o martensite a paʻa i ka austenite me ka microhardness kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka ʻaʻahu a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka ʻaʻahu o ke kino ʻekolu i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā carbide kiʻekiʻe-V a me nā mea ʻokiʻoki manuahi e kōkua pū i ka ʻaʻahu i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ukana.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma mua o ka L-PBF a me nā kila kila austenitic maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ka like me nā kila mea hana mīkini EBM ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Ke emi nei ka waiwai CoF me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ukana ma muli o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā mea i ke kino ʻē aʻe.Ke hoʻohana nei i ke ʻano palapala ʻāina paʻakikī cross-sectional, hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana deformation plastic ma lalo o ka māka lole.Hiki ke noiʻi hou ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka matrix me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electron backscatter diffraction e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā hopena o ka paʻakikī hana.ʻAʻole ʻae ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka palapala ʻāina microhardness i ka ʻike ʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻaʻahu i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i noi ʻia, no laila hiki i ka nanoindentation ke hāʻawi i nā loli paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano like.
Hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina no ka manawa mua i ka loiloi piha ʻana o ke kūpaʻa aahu a me nā waiwai frictional o kahi kila kila martensitic carbon kiʻekiʻe i mālama ʻia me ELR.Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ke kūʻokoʻa hoʻolālā geometric o AM a me ka hiki ke hōʻemi i nā ʻanuʻu machining me AM, hiki i kēia noiʻi ke wehe i ke ala no ka hana ʻana i kēia mea hou a me kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pili i ka lole mai nā shafts a i nā mold injection plastic me ke kahawai hoʻoluʻu paʻakikī.
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