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Hōʻike i kahi carousel o ʻekolu paheʻe i ka manawa hoʻokahi.E hoʻohana i nā pihi Mua a me Next no ka neʻe ʻana i ʻekolu paheʻe i ka manawa, a i ʻole e hoʻohana i nā pihi paheʻe ma ka hopena e neʻe i ʻekolu mau paheʻe i ka manawa.
He mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka noho ʻana o nā metala i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka radiation microwave no ka mea e ʻā maʻalahi nā metala.Akā ʻo ka mea hoihoi i ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea noiʻi ua hāʻawi ka hanana arc discharge i kahi ala hoʻohiki no ka synthesis o nā nanomaterials ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā molekala.Ke hoʻomohala nei kēia haʻawina i kahi ʻano hana synthetic i hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu akā hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i ka hoʻomehana microwave a me kahi arc uila e hoʻololi i ka ʻaila pāma maʻemaʻe i loko o ka nanocarbon magnetic (MNC), hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he ʻano hou no ka hana ʻana i ka aila pāma.Hoʻopili ia i ka synthesis o kahi ʻano me ka ʻeha mau loa i ka uea kuhili ʻole (dielectric medium) a me ka ferrocene (catalyst) ma lalo o nā kūlana inert hapa.Ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia kēia ʻano hana no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka pae wela mai 190.9 a 472.0°C me nā manawa synthesis like ʻole (10-20 min).Hōʻike nā MNC i hoʻomākaukau hou ʻia i nā spheres me ka awelika nui o 20.38-31.04 nm, kahi ʻano mesoporous (SBET: 14.83-151.95 m2 / g) a me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka carbon paʻa (52.79-71.24 wt.%), a me D a me G. nā pūʻali (ID/g) 0.98–0.99.ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā piko hou i ka spectrum FTIR (522.29–588.48 cm–1) e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o nā pūhui FeO i ka ferrocene.Hōʻike nā mākaʻikaʻi kiʻekiʻe i ka saturation magnetization kiʻekiʻe (22.32–26.84 emu/g) i nā mea ferromagnetic.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā MNC i ka mālama wai ʻino ma o ka loiloi ʻana i kā lākou hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia me ka hoʻāʻo adsorption methylene blue (MB) ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa mai 5 a 20 ppm.ʻO nā MNC i loaʻa i ka manawa synthesis (20 min) i hōʻike i ka hoʻokō adsorption kiʻekiʻe loa (10.36 mg / g) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka MB dye removal rate he 87.79%.No laila, ʻaʻole manaʻo maikaʻi nā waiwai Langmuir i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā waiwai Freundlich, me ka R2 ma kahi o 0.80, 0.98 a me 0.99 no nā MNC i hoʻohui ʻia ma 10 min (MNC10), 15 min (MNC15) a me 20 min (MNC20).No laila, aia ka ʻōnaehana adsorption i kahi kūlana heterogeneous.No laila, hāʻawi ka microwave arcing i kahi ala hoʻohiki no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka CPO i MNC, hiki ke wehe i nā mea ʻino.
Hiki ke hoʻomehana ka microwave i nā ʻāpana o loko o nā mea ma o ka pilina molekala o nā māla electromagnetic.He mea kū hoʻokahi kēia pane microwave ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pane wela wikiwiki a kūlike.No laila, hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomehana a hoʻonui i nā hopena kemika2.I ka manawa like, ma muli o ka manawa pōkole pōkole, hiki i ka hopena microwave ke hoʻopuka i nā huahana o ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā hua kiʻekiʻe3,4.Ma muli o kāna mau mea kupanaha, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka radiation microwave i nā synthese microwave hoihoi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā haʻawina he nui, me nā hopena kemika a me ka synthesis o nanomaterials5,6.I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomehana, ʻo nā waiwai dielectric o ka mea ʻae i loko o ka waena e hoʻokani i kahi hana koʻikoʻi, no ka mea, hana ia i kahi wela i ka waena, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā nanocarbons me nā ʻano morphologies a me nā waiwai.ʻO kahi haʻawina e Omoriyekomwan et al.Ka hana ʻana i nā nanofiber carbon hollow mai nā ʻōpala pāma me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka carbon activated a me ka nitrogen8.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Fu lāua ʻo Hamid i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi catalyst no ka hana ʻana i ka carbon fiber i hoʻāla ʻia i loko o ka umu microwave 350 W9.No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi ala like e hoʻohuli ai i ka ʻaila pāma koʻikoʻi i nā MNC ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā scavengers kūpono.
Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mea hoihoi ma waena o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka microwave a me nā metala me nā ʻaoʻao ʻoi, nā kiko a i ʻole submicroscopic iregularities10.ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau mea ʻelua e hoʻopili ʻia e kahi arc uila a i ʻole ʻulaʻula (i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke arc)11,12.E hoʻoikaika ka arc i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā wahi wela i hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻoikaika i ka hopena, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka haku melemele o ke kaiapuni13.ʻO kēia hanana kūikawā a hoihoi i nā noiʻi like ʻole e like me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea poke14,15, biomass tar cracking16, microwave assisted pyrolysis17,18 and material synthesis19,20,21.
I kēia mau lā, ʻo nā nanocarbons e like me carbon nanotubes, carbon nanospheres, a me ka hoʻoemi ʻana i ka graphene oxide i hoʻololi ʻia ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka manaʻo ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai.Loaʻa i kēia mau nanocarbons ka mana nui no nā noi mai ka hana mana a hiki i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a i ʻole decontamination23.Eia kekahi, pono nā waiwai kalapona maikaʻi, akā i ka manawa like, pono nā waiwai magnetic maikaʻi.He mea maikaʻi loa kēia no nā noi multifunctional e pili ana i ka adsorption kiʻekiʻe o nā ion metala a me nā dyes i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino, nā mea hoʻololi magnetic i nā biofuels a me nā mea hoʻohana microwave kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe24,25,26,27,28.I ka manawa like, loaʻa i kēia mau kalapona kekahi pono ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻili o ka wahi hana o ka hāpana.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua piʻi ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea nanocarbon magnetic.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kēia mau nanocarbons magnetic he mau mea hana multifunctional i loaʻa nā mea magnetic nanosized i hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā catalysts o waho e hana, e like me ka electrostatic waho a i ʻole nā mea hoʻololi magnetic29.Ma muli o kā lākou mau waiwai magnetic, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā nanocarbons magnetic me kahi ākea o nā mea hana a me nā hale paʻakikī no ka immobilization30.I kēia manawa, hōʻike ʻo magnetic nanocarbons (MNCs) i ka hana maikaʻi loa i ka adsorbing pollutants mai nā hoʻonā wai.Eia kekahi, hiki i ka ʻāpana kikoʻī kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe a me nā pores i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā MNCs hiki ke hoʻonui i ka mana adsorption31.Hiki i nā mea hoʻokaʻawale magnetic ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā MNC mai nā hoʻonā reactive nui, e hoʻohuli iā lākou i kahi sorbent32 hiki ke hoʻokele.
Ua hōʻike kekahi mau mea noiʻi e hiki ke hana ʻia nā nanocarbons kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila pāma maka33,34.ʻO ka aila pāma, ʻike ʻia ʻo Elais Guneensis, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā aila ʻai koʻikoʻi me ka hana ʻana ma kahi o 76.55 miliona tons ma 202135. Loaʻa i ka aila pāma maʻemaʻe a i ʻole CPO ka ratio kaulike o nā waikawa momona unsaturated (EFAs) a me nā waikawa momona momona. (Singapore Monetary Authority).ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hydrocarbons i CPO he triglycerides, he glyceride i haku ʻia me ʻekolu mau ʻāpana triglyceride acetate a me hoʻokahi mea glycerol36.Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau hydrocarbons ma muli o kā lākou ʻano kalapona nui, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau precursors ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka hana nanocarbon37.Wahi a ka palapala, CNT37,38,39,40, carbon nanospheres33,41 a me graphene34,42,43 ka mea maʻamau synthesized me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila palm crude a i ʻole ka aila ʻai.Loaʻa ka mana nui o kēia mau nanocarbons i nā noi mai ka hana mana a hiki i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a i ʻole decontamination.
ʻO ka synthesis thermal e like me CVD38 a i ʻole pyrolysis33 ua lilo i ala maikaʻi no ka decomposition o ka aila pāma.ʻO ka mea pōʻino,ʻo nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ke kaʻina hana e hoʻonui i ke kumukūʻai o ka hana.Pono ka hana ʻana i ka mea makemake 44 i nā kaʻina hana lōʻihi a me nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ka pono o ka hoʻokaʻawale kino a me ka haki ʻana ma muli o ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi o ka ʻaila pāma maʻemaʻe ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe45.No laila, koi ʻia nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻololi i ka ʻaila pāma maʻemaʻe i mau mea carbonaceous.Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka wai arc ʻo ke ʻano maikaʻi loa a me ke ala hou no ka synthesis o ka nanocarbon magnetic 46.Hāʻawi kēia ala i ka ikehu pololei no nā precursors a me nā hoʻonā i nā mokuʻāina hauʻoli loa.Hiki i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke arc ke uhaʻi i nā paʻa kalapona i loko o ka ʻaila pāma maʻemaʻe.Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻokō ka spacing electrode i nā koi koʻikoʻi, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai ka ʻenehana ʻoihana, no laila pono e hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ala kūpono.
I ka maikaʻi o kā mākou ʻike, ua kaupalena ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke arc me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microwaves ma ke ʻano no ka synthesizing nanocarbons.I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i ʻike piha ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila pāma ma ke ʻano he precursor.No laila, manaʻo kēia noiʻi e ʻimi i ka hiki ke hana i nā nanocarbons magnetic mai nā mea mua o ka aila pāma maka me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka arc uila me ka umu microwave.Pono e hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka aila pāma i nā huahana hou a me nā noi.Hiki i kēia ala hou i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka aila pāma ke kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻoihana waiwai a lilo i kumu waiwai ʻē aʻe no nā mea hana aila pāma, ʻoi aku ka pili ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻaila pāma liʻiliʻi.Wahi a kahi noiʻi o nā mea liʻiliʻi o ʻApelika e Ayompe et al., loaʻa kālā hou ka poʻe liʻiliʻi inā hana lākou i nā hui huaʻai hou iā lākou iho a kūʻai aku i ka ʻaila pāma maka ma mua o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea waena, he hana nui a luhi47.I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pani ʻana o nā hale hana ma muli o COVID-19 ua hoʻopilikia i nā huahana noiʻi ʻaila pāma.ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana i nā umu microwave a ʻo ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia i loko o kēia noiʻi hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he hiki a hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hana MNC ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa i nā mea kanu ʻaila pāma liʻiliʻi.I kēia manawa, ma kahi ʻano nui, hiki i nā hui ke hoʻopukapuka i nā reactors nui e hana i nā TNC nui.
Hoʻopili nui kēia haʻawina i ke kaʻina hana synthesis me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila kila ma ke ʻano he dielectric medium no nā lōʻihi like ʻole.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina maʻamau e hoʻohana ana i nā microwaves a me nā nanocarbons e hōʻike ana i kahi manawa synthesis kūpono o 30 mau minuke a ʻoi aku paha33,34.I mea e kākoʻo ai i kahi manaʻo kūpono a hiki ke hiki, ua manaʻo kēia noiʻi e kiʻi i nā MNC me nā manawa synthesis ma lalo o ka awelika.I ka manawa like, ua pena ke aʻo ʻana i ke kiʻi o ka mākaukau ʻenehana pae 3 e like me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo a hoʻokō ʻia ma kahi pālākiō.Ma hope mai, ua hōʻike ʻia nā MNC i loaʻa e ko lākou kino, kemika, a me nā waiwai magnetic.A laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Methylene blue e hōʻike i ka mana adsorption o nā MNC hopena.
Ua loaʻa mai ka ʻaila pāma mai Apas Balung Mill, Sawit Kinabalu Sdn.Bhd., Tawau, a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kalapona mua no ka synthesis.I kēia hihia, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi uea kila kila me ke anawaena o 0.90 mm ma ke ʻano he dielectric medium.Ua koho ʻia ʻo Ferrocene (maʻemaʻe 99%), i loaʻa mai Sigma-Aldrich, USA, i mea hoʻoikaika i kēia hana.Hoʻohana hou ʻia ʻo Methylene blue (Bendosen, 100 g) no nā hoʻokolohua adsorption.
I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻololi ʻia kahi umu microwave home (Panasonic: SAM-MG23K3513GK) i mea hoʻoheheʻe microwave.Ua hana ʻia ʻekolu puka ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka umu microwave no ka puka komo a me ka puka o ke kinoea a me kahi thermocouple.Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōkuhi thermocouple me nā paipu seramika a waiho ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana like no kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua e pale ai i nā pōʻino.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi reactor aniani borosilicate me kahi poʻi puka ʻekolu e hoʻokomo i nā laʻana a me ka trachea.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi kiʻi kiʻi o ka microwave reactor ma ke Kiʻi 1.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila pāma maʻemaʻe ma ke ʻano he kalapona mua a me ka ferrocene ma ke ʻano he catalyst, ua hana ʻia nā nanocarbons magnetic.Ma kahi o 5% ma ke kaumaha o ka ferrocene catalyst i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka slurry catalyst method.Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Ferrocene me 20 ml o ka ʻaila pāma ma 60 rpm no 30 mau minuke.A laila, hoʻoili ʻia ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi pahu alumina, a ua wili ʻia kahi uea kila kuhili ʻole he 30 knm ka lōʻihi a waiho pololei ʻia i loko o ka pahu.E kau i ka pahu alumina i loko o ka pahu aniani a hoʻopaʻa paʻa i loko o ka umu microwave me kahi poʻi aniani i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.Ua puhi ʻia ka Nitrogen i loko o ke keʻena 5 mau minuke ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hopena e hoʻoneʻe i ka ea makemake ʻole mai ke keʻena.Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mana microwave i 800W no ka mea ʻo kēia ka mana microwave kiʻekiʻe loa e hiki ke mālama i ka hoʻomaka arc maikaʻi.No laila, hiki i kēia ke kōkua i ka hana ʻana i nā kūlana kūpono no nā hopena synthetic.I ka manawa like, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mana mana i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā watts no ka microwave fusion reactions48,49.Ua hoʻomehana ʻia ka hui ʻana no 10, 15 a i ʻole 20 mau minuke i ka wā o ka hopena.Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hopena, ua maʻalili maoli ka reactor a me ka microwave i ka wela lumi.ʻO ka huahana hope loa i loko o ka alumina crucible he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele me nā uea helical.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a holoi ʻia i nā manawa he nui me ka ethanol, isopropanol (70%) a me ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe.Ma hope o ka holoi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ka huahana i ka pō ma 80 ° C i loko o ka umu maʻamau e hoʻopau i nā haumia makemake ʻole.A laila ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka huahana no ka hōʻike ʻana.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana i kapa ʻia ʻo MNC10, MNC15, a me MNC20 e synthesize i nā nanocarbons magnetic no 10 min, 15 min, a me 20 min.
E nānā i ka MNC morphology me kahi microscope electron scanning field emission scanning a i ʻole FESEM (Zeiss Auriga model) ma 100 a 150 kX hoʻonui.I ka manawa like, ua kālailai ʻia ka haku mele e ka ikehu-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka loiloi EMF ma kahi mamao hana o 2.8 mm a me ka uila wikiwiki o 1 kV.Ua ana ʻia ka ʻāpana ili kikoʻī a me nā koina pore MNC e ka Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), me ka adsorption-desorption isotherm o N2 ma 77 K. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mika ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe (MICROMERITIC ASAP 2020) .
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka crystallinity a me ka māhele o nā nanocarbons magnetic e ka X-ray powder diffraction a i ʻole XRD (Burker D8 Advance) ma λ = 0.154 nm.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā diffractograms ma waena o 2θ = 5 a me 85° ma ka helu scan o 2° min-1.Eia kekahi, ua noiʻi ʻia ke ʻano kemika o nā MNC me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana me ka Perkin Elmer FTIR-Spectrum 400 me nā wikiwiki scan mai 4000 a 400 cm-1.I ke aʻo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā nanocarbons magnetic, ua hana ʻia ʻo Raman spectroscopy me ka laser neodymium-doped (532 nm) ma U-RAMAN spectroscopy me kahi pahuhopu 100X.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi magnetometer vibrating a i ʻole VSM (Lake Shore 7400 series) no ke ana ʻana i ka saturation magnetic o ka hao hao i loko o nā MNC.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla magnetic ma kahi o 8 kOe a ua loaʻa nā helu 200.
Ke aʻo ʻana i ka hiki o nā MNC ma ke ʻano he adsorbents i nā hoʻokolohua adsorption, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka cationic dye methylene blue (MB).Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā MNCs (20 mg) i ka 20 ml o kahi hoʻonā wai o ka methylene blue me nā pae maʻamau i ka laulā o 5-20 mg / L50.Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pH o ka hopena ma kahi pH kūʻokoʻa o 7 i loko o ke aʻo ʻana.Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka hopena me ka mīkini ma 150 rpm a me 303.15 K ma kahi haʻalulu wili (Lab Companion: SI-300R).Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā MNC me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi magnet.E hoʻohana i kahi spectrophotometer ʻike maka UV (Varian Cary 50 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) no ka nānā ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻonā MB ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokolohua adsorption, a e nānā i ka pihi maʻamau methylene blue ma kahi lōʻihi hawewe o 664 nm.Ua hana hou ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ʻekolu manawa a hāʻawi ʻia ka waiwai maʻamau.Ua helu ʻia ka wehe ʻana o MG mai ka hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau no ka nui o ka MC adsorbed ma equilibrium qe a me ka pākēneka o ka wehe ʻana %.
Ua hana pū ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma ka isotherm adsorption me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa (5-20 mg / l) o nā hopena MG a me 20 mg o ka adsorbent ma kahi mahana mau o 293.15 K. mg no nā MNC āpau.
Ua aʻo nui ʻia ka hao a me ke kalapona magnetic i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.Ke hāpai nei kēia mau mea kalapona i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka manaʻo nui ma muli o kā lākou mau waiwai electromagnetic maikaʻi loa, e alakaʻi ana i nā noi ʻenehana like ʻole, ka mea nui i nā mea uila a me ka mālama wai.I loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hana ʻia nā nanocarbons e ka haki ʻana i nā hydrocarbons i loko o ka ʻaila pāma maʻemaʻe me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka microwave.Ua lawe ʻia ka synthesis i nā manawa like ʻole, mai 10 a 20 min, ma kahi ratio paʻa (5: 1) o ka precursor a me ka catalyst, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hōʻiliʻili metala o kēia manawa (twisted SS) a me kahi ʻāpana inert (ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ea me ka nitrogen ma ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻokolohua).ʻO nā waihona kalapona i loaʻa ma ke ʻano o ka pauka paʻa ʻeleʻele, e like me ka hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig 2a.Ma kahi o 5.57%, 8.21%, a me 11.67% ka hua kalapona i hoohuoiia i ka manawa synthesis o 10 minuke, 15 minuke, a me 20 minuke.Hōʻike kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka manawa lōʻihi o ka hoʻohui ʻana e kōkua i nā hua kiʻekiʻe51—nā hua haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku paha ma muli o nā manawa pane pōkole a me nā hana catalyst haʻahaʻa.
I kēia manawa, hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka mahana synthesis me ka manawa no nā nanocarbons i loaʻa ma ke Kiʻi 2b.ʻO nā mahana wela kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa no MNC10, MNC15 a me MNC20 he 190.9 ° C, 434.5 ° C a me 472 ° C.No kēlā me kēia ʻōpuni, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi pali pali, e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi mau o ka mahana i loko o ka reactor ma muli o ka wela i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke arc metala.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ma 0-2 min, 0-5 min, a me 0-8 min no MNC10, MNC15, a me MNC20.Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi kikoʻī, hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka pali i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a lilo ka pali i haʻahaʻa.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kahua emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) no ka nānā ʻana i ka topography ili o nā laʻana MNC.E like me ka hoike ana ma ka fig.1, ʻokoʻa iki nā nanocarbons magnetic i kahi manawa like ʻole o ka synthesis.Nā kiʻi o FESEM MNC10 i ka fig.1a,b hōʻike i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā pōʻai kalapona i loko o nā micro- a me nā nanospheres i hoʻopili ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili.I ka manawa like, hiki i ka hele ʻana o nā pūʻali van der Waals ke alakaʻi i ka hui ʻana o nā pōʻai kalapona52.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa synthesis i hopena i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā pōʻai ma muli o nā hopena ʻoi aku ka pohā.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 1c he ʻano spherical kokoke loa ʻo MNC15.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā pōʻai i hoʻohui ʻia ke hana i nā mesopores, hiki ke lilo i mau wahi maikaʻi no ka adsorption polū methylene.Ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o 15,000 mau manawa i ka Fig. 1d hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā pōʻai kalapona i hoʻohui ʻia me ka nui awelika o 20.38 nm.
Nā kiʻi FESEM o nā nanocarbons synthesized ma hope o 10 min (a, b), 15 min (c, d) a me 20 min (e-g) ma 7000 a me 15000 mau manawa hoʻonui.
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 1e-g MNC20 i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pores me nā pōʻai liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻili o ke kalapona magnetic a hoʻohui hou i ka morphology o ka carbon activated magnetic53.Aia nā pores o nā anawaena a me nā laula like ʻole ma ka ʻili o ke kalapona magnetic.No laila, hiki i kēia ke wehewehe i ke kumu i hōʻike ai ʻo MNC20 i kahi ākea ākea a me ka nui o ka pore e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka BET analysis, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pores ma luna o kona ʻili ma mua o nā manawa synthetic ʻē aʻe.ʻO nā micrographs i lawe ʻia me ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe o 15,000 mau manawa hōʻike i ka nui o nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 1g.Ke hoʻonui ʻia ka manawa ulu i 20 mau minuke, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā spheres agglomerated.
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua loaʻa pū nā ʻāpana kalapona wili ma ia wahi.Ua ʻokoʻa ke anawaena o nā pōʻai mai 5.18 a 96.36 nm.ʻO kēia hoʻokumu ʻana paha ma muli o ke ʻano o ka nucleation ʻokoʻa, i maʻalahi ʻia e ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā microwaves.ʻO ka nui o ka pōʻai i helu ʻia o nā MNC i hoʻomākaukau ʻia he 20.38 nm no MNC10, 24.80 nm no MNC15, a me 31.04 nm no MNC20.Hōʻike ʻia ka puʻunaue nui o nā pōʻai ma ka fig hoʻohui.3.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 4 i ka EDS spectra a me nā hōʻuluʻulu haku mele o MNC10, MNC15, a me MNC20.Wahi a ka spectra, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kēlā me kēia nanocarbon ka nui o C, O, a me Fe.Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana a me ka hāhā ʻana i ka wā o ka manawa synthesis hou.Manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ka C mai ka carbon precursor, crude palm oil.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o O ma muli o ke kaʻina oxidation i ka wā synthesis.Ma ka manawa like, pili ʻia ʻo Fe i ka hao hao i waiho ʻia ma ka ʻili nanocarbon ma hope o ka decomposition ferrocene.Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia ke Kiʻi 5a-c i ka palapala ʻāina o nā mea MNC10, MNC15, a me MNC20.Ma muli o ka palapala palapala kumu, ua ʻike ʻia ua māhele maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Fe ma luna o ka ʻili MNC.
Hāʻawi ʻo Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka mīkini adsorption a me ke ʻano porous o ka mea.Hōʻike ʻia nā isotherms adsorption N2 a me nā kiʻi o ka ʻili MNC BET ma Fig.2. Ma muli o nā kiʻi FESEM, manaʻo ʻia ka ʻano adsorption e hōʻike i ka hui pū ʻana o nā hale microporous a me ka mesoporous ma muli o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana.Eia naʻe, hōʻike ka pakuhi ma ka Fig. 2 ua like ka adsorbent me ke ʻano isotherm IV a me ke ʻano H2 hysteresis loop o IUPAC55.Ua like pinepine kēia ʻano isotherm me nā mea mesoporous.Hoʻoholo pinepine ʻia ka ʻano adsorption o nā mesopores e ka hui ʻana o nā hopena adsorption-adsorption me nā molekala o ka mea condensed.Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia nā isotherms adsorption S-like a i ʻole S-like e ka adsorption hoʻokahi-layer-multlayer a ukali ʻia e kahi ʻano i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kinoea i loko o kahi ʻāpana wai i loko o nā pores ma nā kaomi ma lalo o ke kaomi saturation o ka wai nui, i ʻike ʻia he pore condensation 56. ʻO ka condensation capillary i loko o nā pores e loaʻa i nā kaomi pili (p/po) ma luna o 0.50.I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana pore paʻakikī i ka H2-type hysteresis, ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pore a i ʻole ka leakage i kahi ākea o nā pores.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana kino o ka ʻili i loaʻa mai nā hoʻāʻo BET ma ka Papa 1. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻili o ka BET a me ka nui o ka pore me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa synthesis.ʻO ka awelika pore nui o MNC10, MNC15, a me MNC20 he 7.2779 nm, 7.6275 nm, a me 7.8223 nm.Wahi a nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo IUPAC, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau pores waena i mau mea mesoporous.Hiki i ka mesoporous ke hana i ka methylene blue i maʻalahi a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e MNC57.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka Manawa Synthesis Maximum (MNC20) i ka ʻili kiʻekiʻe loa, a ukali ʻia e MNC15 a me MNC10.Hiki ke ho'omaika'i ka 'ilikai BET ki'eki'e i ka hana adsorption no ka loa'a 'ana o nā pūnaewele surfactant.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona diffraction X-ray o nā MNC synthesized ma Fig. 3. Ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe, haki pū ka ferrocene a hana i ka hao hao.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 3a i ke ʻano XRD o MNC10.Hōʻike ia i ʻelua piko ma 2θ, 43.0° a me 62.32°, i hāʻawi ʻia iā ɣ-Fe2O3 (JCPDS #39–1346).Ma ka manawa like, loaʻa i ka Fe3O4 kahi piko koʻikoʻi ma 2θ: 35.27°.Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, i ka MHC15 diffraction pattern ma Fig. 3b hōʻike i nā piko hou, i pili loa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana a me ka manawa synthesis.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka 2θ: 26.202° peak, ua kūlike ke ʻano o ka diffraction me ka faila JCPDS graphite (JCPDS #75–1621), e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o nā kristal graphite i loko o ka nanocarbon.ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia kiʻekiʻe ma MNC10, ma muli paha o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa arc i ka wā synthesis.Ma 2θ aia ʻekolu mau piko manawa: 30.082°, 35.502°, 57.422° pili iā Fe3O4.Hōʻike pū ia i ʻelua piko e hōʻike ana i ke kū ʻana o ɣ-Fe2O3 ma 2θ: 43.102° a me 62.632°.No ka MNC i hoʻohui ʻia no 20 min (MNC20), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 3c, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano like ʻole ma MNK15.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka piko kiʻi ma 26.382° ma ka MNC20.ʻO nā piko ʻoi ʻekolu i hōʻike ʻia ma 2θ: 30.102°, 35.612°, 57.402° no Fe3O4.Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia ke alo o ε-Fe2O3 ma 2θ: 42.972° a me 62.61.Hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻopili i ka methylene blue i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka hiki ʻana o nā pūhui hao oxide i nā MNC.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona paʻa kemika i nā laʻana MNC a me CPO mai ka FTIR reflectance spectra ma ke Kiʻi 6. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā piko koʻikoʻi ʻeono o ka ʻaila pāma koʻikoʻi ʻehā mau ʻāpana kemika like ʻole i wehewehe ʻia ma ka Pākuʻi Pākuʻi 1. ʻO nā piko kumu i ʻike ʻia ma CPO he 2913.81 knm-1, 2840 knm-1 a me 1463.34 knm-1, e pili ana i na ha'alulu kikoo CH o na alkana a me na hui aliphatic CH2 a i ole CH3.ʻO nā ululāʻau kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia he 1740.85 cm-1 a me 1160.83 cm-1.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma 1740.85 knm-1 kahi paʻa C=O i hoʻonui ʻia e ka ester carbonyl o ka hui hana triglyceride.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka piko ma 1160.83 cm-1 ka imprint o ka hui ester CO58.59 lōʻihi.I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ma 813.54 cm-1 ke kiʻi o ka hui alkane.
No laila, ua nalowale kekahi mau puʻupuʻu absorption i ka ʻaila pāma maʻemaʻe i ka piʻi ʻana o ka manawa synthesis.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā peaks ma 2913.81 cm-1 a me 2840 cm-1 ma MNC10, akā he mea hoihoi i ka MNC15 a me MNC20 e nalowale nā piko ma muli o ka oxidation.I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi FTIR o nā nanocarbons magnetic i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā piko absorption hou e hōʻike ana i ʻelima mau pūʻulu hana like ʻole o MNC10-20.Ua helu pū ʻia kēia mau piko ma ka Pākuʻi Pākuʻi 1. ʻO ka piko ma 2325.91 cm-1 ka asymmetric CH stretch o ka CH360 aliphatic group.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma 1463.34-1443.47 cm-1 e hōʻike ana iā CH2 a me CH ke kulou ʻana o nā pūʻulu aliphatic e like me ka aila pāma, akā hoʻomaka ka piʻi e emi me ka manawa.ʻO ka piko ma 813.54–875.35 cm–1 he kiʻi ia o ka hui CH-alkane ʻala.
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā kiʻekiʻe ma 2101.74 cm-1 a me 1589.18 cm-1 e hōʻike ana i nā paʻa CC 61 e hoʻokumu ana i ka C=C alkyne a me nā apo aromatic, kēlā me kēia.Hōʻike ka piko liʻiliʻi ma 1695.15 cm-1 i ka paʻa C=O o ka ʻakika momona manuahi mai ka hui kalapona.Loaʻa ia mai ka CPO carbonyl a me ka ferrocene i ka wā synthesis.No ka Fe-O vibrational bond o ka ferrocene nā piko hou i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka 539.04 a 588.48 cm-1.Ma muli o nā kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 4, hiki ke ʻike ʻia hiki i ka manawa synthesis ke hōʻemi i kekahi mau piko a hoʻopaʻa hou i nā nanocarbons magnetic.
Hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana spectroscopic o Raman i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā nanocarbons magnetic i loaʻa i nā manawa like ʻole o ka synthesis me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser hanana me ka lōʻihi hawewe o 514 nm i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4. ʻO nā kikoʻī āpau o MNC10, MNC15 a me MNC20 he ʻelua mau pūʻulu ikaika e pili ana me ka sp3 carbon haʻahaʻa, maʻamau. loaʻa i nā crystallites nanographite me nā hemahema i nā ʻano vibrational o nā ʻano kalapona sp262.ʻO ka piko mua, aia ma ka ʻāpana o 1333–1354 cm–1, e hōʻike ana i ka pūʻulu D, ʻaʻole maikaʻi no ka graphite maikaʻi loa a pili i ka maʻi kino a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe63,64.ʻO ka lua koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma kahi o 1537–1595 cm-1 e kū mai ana mai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mokulele a i ʻole crystalline a kauoha ʻia nā palapala graphite.Eia nō naʻe, ua neʻe ka piko ma kahi o 10 cm-1 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka band graphite G, e hōʻike ana he papa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka MNC a me kahi ʻano hemahema.Hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika pili o nā pūʻulu D a me G (ID/IG) e loiloi i ka maʻemaʻe o nā crystallites a me nā laʻana graphite.Wahi a Raman spectroscopic analysis, loaʻa nā MNC āpau i nā helu ID / IG ma ka laulā o 0.98-0.99, e hōʻike ana i nā hemahema o ke kūkulu ʻana ma muli o Sp3 hybridization.Hiki i kēia kūlana ke wehewehe i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā piko 2θ liʻiliʻi loa i ka spectra XPA: 26.20 ° no MNK15 a me 26.28 ° no MNK20, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 4, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka piko graphite ma ka faila JCPDS.ʻO nā lakio ID / IG MNC i loaʻa i kēia hana aia ma ka laulā o nā nanocarbons magnetic ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, 0.85-1.03 no ke ʻano hydrothermal a me 0.78-0.9665.66 no ke ʻano pyrolytic.No laila, hōʻike kēia ratio hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano hana synthetic.
ʻIke ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona magnetic o nā MNC me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi magnetometer vibrating.Hōʻike ʻia ka hysteresis hopena ma Fig.5.Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, loaʻa nā MNC i kā lākou magnetism mai ka ferrocene i ka wā synthesis.Hiki i kēia mau waiwai magnetic ke hoʻonui i ka mana adsorption o nā nanocarbons i ka wā e hiki mai ana.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 5, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike e like me nā mea superparamagnetic.Wahi a Wahajuddin & Arora67, ʻo ka mokuʻāina superparamagnetic ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohālike i magnetized i ka saturation magnetization (MS) ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi māla magnetic waho.Ma hope mai, ʻaʻole ʻike hou ʻia nā pānaʻi magnetic koena i nā samples67.He mea pono ke hoʻonui i ka magnetization saturation me ka manawa synthesis.ʻO ka mea mahalo, loaʻa iā MNC15 ka saturation magnetic kiʻekiʻe loa no ka mea hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokumu magnetic (magnetization) ma muli o ka manawa synthesis maikaʻi loa i mua o kahi magnet waho.Ma muli paha o ka loaʻa ʻana o Fe3O4, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai magnetic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hao hao ʻē aʻe e like me ɣ-Fe2O.ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho o ka manawa adsorption o ka saturation no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana nui o MNCs ʻo MNC15> MNC10> MNC20.Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻāpana magnetic i loaʻa ma ka pākaukau.2.
ʻO ka waiwai liʻiliʻi o ka saturation magnetic ke hoʻohana nei i nā magnet maʻamau i ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic ma kahi o 16.3 emu g-1.ʻO ka hiki i nā MNCs ke hoʻopau i nā mea haumia e like me nā wai i loko o ke kaiapuni wai a me ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana i nā MNC ua lilo i mau kumu hou no nā nanocarbons i loaʻa.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e manaʻo ʻia he kiʻekiʻe ka saturation magnetic o ka LSM.No laila, ua hōʻea nā laʻana āpau i nā waiwai saturation magnetic ma mua o ka lawa no ke kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale magnetic.
I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā ʻāpana metala a i ʻole nā uea e like me nā catalysts a i ʻole dielectrics i nā kaʻina hoʻohui microwave.ʻO nā haʻina microwave o nā metala ke kumu o ka wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka hopena i loko o ka reactor.Ke ʻōlelo nei kēia haʻawina ʻo ka uea kuhili ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia (coiled) e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka microwave a me ka hoʻomehana metala.Ua haʻi aku ke kila kila i ka ʻinoʻino ma ka piko, e alakaʻi ana i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ʻili a me ke kahua uila waho.Ke loaʻa ka ikehu kinetic lawa i ka hoʻopiʻi, e lele nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi ʻia mai loko mai o ke kila kila, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kaiapuni, e hoʻopuka ana i kahi hoʻokuʻu a i ʻole 68 .Hāʻawi ka hoʻokuʻu metala i mea nui i ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā hopena ʻokiʻoki i hui pū ʻia me nā wahi wela wela.E like me ka palapala ʻāina wela ma ka Fig. 2b Hoʻohui, piʻi wikiwiki ka mahana, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻokuʻu ikaika.
I kēia hihia, ʻike ʻia kahi hopena wela, no ka mea, hiki i nā electrons paʻa nāwaliwali ke neʻe a nānā i ka ʻili a ma ka tip69.Ke ʻeha ʻia ke kila kila, ʻo ka ʻāpana nui o ka metala i ka hopena e kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā au eddy ma ka ʻili o ka mea a mālama i ka hopena wela.Kōkua maikaʻi kēia kūlana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi o CPO a me ka ferrocene a me ka ferrocene.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 2b Pākuʻi, hōʻike ka helu wela mau e ʻike ʻia kahi hopena hoʻomehana like ʻole i ka hopena.
Hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hana i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā MNC ma ke Kiʻi 7. Hoʻomaka nā kaula kalapona lōʻihi o CPO a me ferrocene e haki i ka wela kiʻekiʻe.Wehe ʻia ka ʻaila e hana i nā hydrocarbons i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e lilo i mau kalapona i ʻike ʻia he globules ma ke kiʻi FESEM MNC1070.Ma muli o ka ikehu o ke kaiapuni a me ke kaomi 71 i nā kūlana lewa.I ka manawa like, haki pū ka ferrocene, e hana ana i mea hoʻoheheʻe mai nā ʻātoma kalapona i waiho ʻia ma Fe.A laila hiki mai ka nucleation wikiwiki a hoʻoneʻe ke kumu kalapona e hana i kahi papa kalapona amorphous a graphitic ma luna o ke kumu.Ke piʻi aʻe ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka pololei a me ke ʻano o ka nui o ka pōʻai.I ka manawa like, ke alakaʻi nei nā pūʻali van der Waals i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā spheres52.I ka wā o ka ho'ēmiʻana o nā ion Fe i Fe3O4 a me ɣ-Fe2O3 (e like me ka X-ray phase analysis), ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano ʻano hao oxides ma ka ʻili o nā nanocarbons, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā nanocarbons magnetic.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka palapala palapala EDS ua puʻunaue ikaika ʻia nā ʻātoma Fe ma luna o ka ʻili MNC, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi Hoʻohui 5a-c.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ʻo ia ma ka manawa synthesis o 20 mau minuke, hiki mai ka hui kalapona.Hoʻokumu ia i nā pores nui aʻe ma ka ʻili o nā MNC, e hōʻike ana e hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā MNCs he kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā kiʻi FESEM ma Fig. 1e-g.Pili paha kēia ʻokoʻa i ka nui o ka pore i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka hao hao mai ka ferrocene.I ka manawa like, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela, aia nā unahi deformed.Hōʻike nā nanocarbons magnetic i nā morphologies like ʻole i nā manawa synthesis like ʻole.Hiki i nā nanocarbons ke hana i nā ʻano spherical me nā manawa synthesis pōkole.I ka manawa like, hiki ke loaʻa nā pores a me nā unahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka manawa synthesis aia wale nō i loko o 5 mau minuke.
Hiki i nā nanocarbons magnetic ke hoʻopau i nā mea haumia mai ke kaiapuni wai.ʻO ko lākou hiki ke wehe maʻalahi ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana he kumu hou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nanocarbons i loaʻa i kēia hana ma ke ʻano he adsorbents.I ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai adsorption o nā nanocarbons magnetic, ua noiʻi mākou i ka hiki o nā MNCs ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā hopena methylene blue (MB) ma 30 ° C me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoponopono pH.Ua hoʻoholo kekahi mau haʻawina i ka hana ʻana o ka carbon absorbents i ka pae wela o 25-40 ° C ʻaʻole i hana nui i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka wehe ʻana o MC.ʻOiai he mea koʻikoʻi nā waiwai pH koʻikoʻi, hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia ma luna o nā pūʻulu hana o ka honua, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pilina adsorbate-adsorbent a pili i ka adsorption.No laila, ua koho ʻia nā kūlana i luna ma kēia haʻawina me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia mau kūlana a me ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino maʻamau.
Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua adsorption puʻupuʻu ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i 20 mg o MNCs i ka 20 ml o kahi wai wai o ka methylene blue me nā ʻano kumu mua maʻamau (5-20 ppm) i kahi manawa pili paʻa60.Hōʻike ka helu 8 i ke kūlana o nā manaʻo like ʻole (5-20 ppm) o nā methylene blue solutions ma mua a ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me MNC10, MNC15, a me MNC20.I ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā MNC like ʻole, ua emi ka pae kala o nā hoʻonā MB.ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo MNC20 i hoʻololi maʻalahi i nā hoʻonā MB ma kahi ʻano o 5 ppm.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka MNC20 i ka pae kala o ka hopena MB i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā MNC ʻē aʻe.Hōʻike ʻia ke kikoʻī UV ʻike ʻia o MNC10-20 ma ke kiʻi hou 9. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ʻia ka helu hoʻoneʻe a me ka ʻike adsorption ma ka Figure 9. 6 a me ka papa 3.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā piko polū methylene ikaika ma 664 nm a me 600 nm.E like me ke kānāwai, e emi mālie ana ka ikaika o ka piko me ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe mua ʻana o ka hopena MG.Ma ka Fig. 9a hou e hōʻike ana i ka spectra UV-ʻike ʻia o nā hopena MB o nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me MNC10, kahi i hoʻololi iki i ka ikaika o nā piko.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua emi nui nā kiʻekiʻe absorption o nā hopena MB ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me MNC15 a me MNC20, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā Kiʻi Hoʻohui 9b a me c.ʻIke maopopo ʻia kēia mau loli i ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka solution MG.Eia nō naʻe, ua lawa nā hoʻololi kikoʻī i loaʻa e nā kalapona magnetic ʻekolu e wehe i ka methylene blue dye.
Ma muli o ka Papa 3, ua hōʻikeʻia nā hualoaʻa no ka nui o ka MC adsorbed a me ka pakeneka o ka MC adsorbed i ka Fig 3. 6. Ua hoʻonuiʻia ka adsorption o MG me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe mua no nā MNC a pau.I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka pākēneka adsorption a i ʻole MB removal rate (MBR) i kahi ʻano kūʻē i ka wā i piʻi ai ka ʻike mua.Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mua o ka MC, noho mau nā wahi hana ʻole ma ka ʻili adsorbent.Ke piʻi aʻe ka manaʻo o ka wai, e emi ana ka helu o nā wahi hana i loaʻa no ka adsorption o nā molekala kala.Ua hoʻoholo kekahi poʻe ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana e hoʻokō ʻia ka saturation o nā wahi hana o ka biosorption72.
ʻO ka pōʻino no MNC10, ua hoʻonui a emi iho ka MBR ma hope o 10 ppm o ka hopena MB.I ka manawa like, hoʻopili ʻia kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o MG.Hōʻike kēia i ka 10 ppm ka ʻoi loa o ka manaʻo no ka adsorption MNC10.No nā MNC a pau i aʻo ʻia i kēia hana, ʻo ke ʻano o nā mana adsorption penei: MNC20 > MNC15 > MNC10, ʻo ka awelika waiwai he 10.36 mg/g, 6.85 mg/g a me 0.71 mg/g, ka awelika o ka wehe ʻana o nā helu MG. he 87, 79%, 62.26% a me 5.75%.No laila, hōʻike ʻo MNC20 i nā hiʻohiʻona adsorption maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā nanocarbons magnetic synthesized, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mana adsorption a me ka spectrum UV-ʻike ʻia.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka adsorption i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā nanocarbons magnetic ʻē aʻe e like me ka MWCNT magnetic composite (11.86 mg/g) a me ka halloysite nanotube-magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (18.44 mg/g), ʻaʻole pono kēia noiʻi i ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i kahi mea hoʻoulu.Hana nā mea kemika ma ke ʻano he catalysts.hāʻawi i nā ʻano hana synthetic maʻemaʻe a hiki ke kūpono73,74.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā waiwai SBET o nā MNC, kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe e hāʻawi i nā pūnaewele ʻoi aku ka ikaika no ka adsorption o ka hopena MB.Ke lilo nei kēia i mea nui o nā nanocarbons synthetic.I ka manawa like, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā MNC, pōkole ka manawa synthesis a ʻae ʻia, e pili ana i nā ʻano nui o nā adsorbents hoʻohiki.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā adsorbents kūlohelohe maʻamau, ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā MNC synthesized a hiki ke maʻalahi ke wehe ʻia mai ka hopena ma lalo o ka hana a kahi kahua magnetic waho76.No laila, ua ho'ēmiʻia ka manawa e pono ai no ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa.
Pono nā isotherms adsorption no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana adsorption a laila e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka adsorbate ma waena o ka wai a me nā pae paʻa ke hiki ke kaulike.Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike Langmuir a me Freundlich ma ke ʻano he isotherm maʻamau, e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka adsorption, e like me ia i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7. Hōʻike maikaʻi ke kumu hoʻohālike Langmuir i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi papa adsorbate ma ka ʻili o waho o ka adsorbent.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā isotherms ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana adsorption homogeneous.I ka manawa like, ʻo ka Freundlich isotherm e hōʻike maikaʻi loa i ke komo ʻana o kekahi mau wahi adsorbent a me ka ikehu adsorption i ke kaomi ʻana i ka adsorbate i kahi ʻili like ʻole.
Hoʻohālike isotherm no Langmuir isotherm (a–c) a me Freundlich isotherm (d–f) no MNC10, MNC15 a me MNC20.
ʻO nā isotherms adsorption ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa solute maʻamau he laina laina77.Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike laina o ka Langmuir isotherm model ma kahi hoohalike.1 E hoʻoholo i nā ʻāpana adsorption.
ʻO KL (l/mg) he Langmuir mau e hōʻike ana i ka pilina paʻa o MB i MNC.I kēia manawa, ʻo qmax ka mana adsorption kiʻekiʻe loa (mg / g), qe ʻo ka adsorbed concentration o MC (mg / g), a ʻo Ce ka ʻike kaulike o ka hopena MC.Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka ʻōlelo laina laina o ka Freundlich isotherm model penei:
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-16-2023