ʻEhia mau manawa i loaʻa ai nā pilikia hana i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā wili hou a i ʻole hehee i loko o ka hana?Hiki i kēia mau pilikia ke haʻihaʻi, nā māwae, nā burrs, ke komo ʻana o ka weld maikaʻi ʻole, ka ʻili electropolished maikaʻi ʻole, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui.ʻO nā hoʻāʻo paʻakikī, nā hoʻāʻo tensile, a me nā ʻāpana keʻa metallographic, a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā hōʻike hoʻāʻo o ka hale hana nā hana maʻamau no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kumu o kahi pilikia.I kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ka pilikia, akā ʻaʻohe mea maʻamau.I kēia mau hihia, aia ka pilikia i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kila, ʻoiai inā i loko o ka huila i loko o ka pae hoʻohui i ʻōlelo ʻia no ke kila.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ASTM 316 2205 904l 2B BA HL 6K 8K aniani hoʻopau i ke kila kila kila:

Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kaupalena mākou i kā mākou kūkākūkā ʻana i nā kila kila austenitic, ʻoiai e pili ana ka nui o nā ʻōlelo i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.Nui nā mea pilikia i waho o ka mana a pono e kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka kikoʻī a ka mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole ke kauoha kūʻai.Mai noʻonoʻo ʻoe ua hana ʻia ka alloy āu e kūʻai nei mai ka awelika o kēlā me kēia mea.Mai ka makahiki 1988, ua loaʻa i nā hale wili kila kahi papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo "alloy chipping" e hoʻohana ana i ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻohui i mea e pale ai i ka embrittlement wela a me ka pohā ʻōwili anuanu.
Hoʻolālā ʻia ʻo Grade Design Austenitic stainless steels e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa corrosion ma nā wahi he nui, kū i ka hydrogen a me ka embrittlement ma 885ºF (475ºC), ikaika maikaʻi, ductility maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa.ʻO ke kila kila ma kona ʻano maʻalahi he hao me ka liʻiliʻi o 12% chromium.ʻO kēia ka mea e pale ai ke kila kila i ka ʻōpala a hiki ke hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive.Aia ke kila kila ma ʻekolu mau mokuʻāina metala ma muli o ka haku mele ʻana a me ka mālama wela: ferritic, martensitic a me austenitic.ʻO kēia mau inoa e pili ana i ka hale aniani: ʻo ka ferrite he cubic i waena o ke kino, ʻo ka austenite ka cubic i waena o ka maka, a ʻo ka martensite he ʻōnaehana tetragonal wili, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke ʻano cubic i waena o ka maka e lilo i ke kino.
ʻO ka hao maʻemaʻe he ʻano cubic i waena o ke kino a ke noho nei mai ka ʻole ʻole a hiki i kona helu heheʻe.Ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau mea, hana ʻia nā "gamma rings" a i ʻole austenite.ʻO kēia mau mea he kalapona, chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, silicon, vanadium a me ke silika.Ma waena o kēia mau mea, hiki i ka nickel, manganese, chromium a me carbon ke hoʻonui i ke apo gamma i kahi mamao loa.ʻO ia ka hui pū ʻana o ka nickel a me ka chromium ka mea e hana ai i nā kila stainless austenitic ke alo i waena cubic mai ka ʻole ʻole a hiki i ka helu heheʻe.ʻO kēia apo gamma ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā alloy ferritic mai nā mea martensitic.ʻO ka chromium maʻiʻo o ka martensitic stainless steel he haiki loa, 14-18%, a pono e loaʻa i ke kalapona, no ka mea, i ka wā i wela ai i kēia laulā hiki ke hana ʻia ka austenite maʻemaʻe, i hiki ke loaʻa ka martensite ma ke kinai ʻana.Loaʻa i nā alloys Ferritic kahi ʻike ma lalo o 14% a i ʻole ma luna o 18%.Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka laulā o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui.ʻO ke ala maʻamau ka mālama ʻana i kāu mau kalapona haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau austenitic stainless steels e pili ana i ka haku mele 18-8, 18% Cr 8% Ni.Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nickel ma ke kila ma mua o 8%, he austenitic ia, inā he haʻahaʻa ka nickel content, a laila he kila duplex, ʻo ia hoʻi, austenitic me nā mokupuni ferrite.Ma ka 5% nickel, he 50% austenitic ka hale, 50% ferritic, ma lalo o 3% lilo ia i ferritic piha.No laila, ʻo 8% nickel ke kumu no nā mea kila kila austenitic ʻoi loa.
Ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohui i ke kila, hiki iā lākou ke lawe i kahi kūlana i loko o ke aniani nui.Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea he mau mea hoʻololi a hoʻomau ka alloy i ka pae hoʻokahi.He liʻiliʻi nā mea ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻokomo i waena o nā ʻātoma, i kapa ʻia nā mea interstitial, a ʻo ka huila hoʻokahi wale nō.E hui pū nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i kā lākou mau kristal kūʻokoʻa a hana i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī.ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana ma ke ʻano he haumia i loko o ka alloy, i ʻike ʻia he inclusions.